تعلم اللغة الانجليزية الدرس الخامس الجزء الثانى (الافعال verbs)

بالطبع الأفعال هي أي شئ فيه حركة أو عمل يتم مثل
walk , run , speak , eat , write , drink .

أو باسلوب آخر نقول ان أي كلمة معناها  "عمل أو فعل شئ معين"   تكون verb  في حين ان الاسم كان مجرد اسم لأي شخص أو دولة أو أي شئ محسوس أو مادي .. .. .

والأفعال نوعان: 1) transitive متعدي : وهو الذي له مفعول به ، مثل: He drank water. 

               2) intransitive لازم : وهو الذي ليس له مفعول به ، مثل: The water drops.

---   ويوجد أفعال مساعدة Auxiliary verbs  ،   وهي التي تساعدنا في : 1) عمل أسئلة.  2) الاجابة على أسئلة خاصة في النفي.  3) وفي تكوين أزمنة (tenses).  4) وفي تصريف الأفعال ،  وهي :

Be, have, do, can (could), may (might), shall (should), will (would), must

وهي تستخدم :  1) بمعناها كفعل مستقل.   2) وكفعل مساعد ليس له معنى خاص.

Let us take verb "Work" , with the pronouns, in the present, past and future

Pronouns	Present	Past	Future
I	Work	Worked	Shall work
You	Work	Worked	Will work
He	Works	Worked	Will work
She	Works	Worked	Will work
It	Works	Worked	Will work
We	Work	Worked	Shall work
You	Work	Worked	Will work
They	Work	Worked	Will work

H.W. fill the following table in a similar way to this table with verb "eat"

املأ الجدول التالي بتفس اسلوب الجدول السابق مستخدما الفعل "يأكل" (H.K.)

Pronouns	Present	Past	Future
I (H.K.)		Ate
You	Eat
He, She, It
We

ومايلي هو كثير من الكلمات المتنوعة مع حروف جر متنوعة (اصطلاحات ثابتة) ، مع معانيها، وادخالها في جمل :

الاصطلاح	المعنى بالعربي	مثال في جملة (H.K.)
Back up	يسند، يأيد	I backed up him (him up) in what he said
Blow up	يفجر	They want to blow up the car
Break down	يبوظ، يعطل	The car broke down yesterday
Break in	يقتحم، يدخل بقوة	A gang broke in the bank this morning
Break out	يهرب بقوة	A prisoner tried to break out of jail
Break up	يكسر أو يوقف بشدة	They broke up all what he had
Bring up	يربي	She brought up her children well
Close down	يقفل خالص، يتوقف	His factory closed down
Come in	يدخل	May I come in? [Meena]
Come down	ينزل	After he had come down of the mountain, he went home
Come up	يصعد، يطلع ب(فكرة)	He came up with a good idea
Count on	يعتمد على	I count on your promise
Cry out	يصرخ، يصيح بصوت عالي	He cried out saying "help us"
Cross off	يشطب، يمحو	They crossed off his name
Cut down	يقلل	She tried to cut down swimming
Cut off	يقطع ويفصل	He cut off the book into pieces
Drive off	يسوق لبعيد	Drive off this place quickly
Figure out	يفهم، يتخيل	Try to figure out what she means
Fill in	يملأ	Fill in this form please (H.K.)
Find out	يكتشف، يعرف	I can't find out what the cause is
Get in	أدخل	Get in the house and bring it to me
Get out	أخرج	Get out of my house
Get back	ارجع	Get back home and do your homework
Get through	يجتاز، يمر  خلال	Can you get through this narrow door?
Go by	يمر ب	When you go by him, see what he does
Get up	ينهض، يقوم	Sometimes I get up before 6:00 o'clock
Give away	يعطي،  يتخلص من	It is good to give away your old clothes to the poor
Give up	يستسلم، يتوقف	You must have hope , don't give up
Grow up	ينمو	I grew up in the country
Hang up	يقفل السكة	He hung up on me
Hold on	ينتظر	Hold on I'll call him
Lay before	يعرض أمام	Lay it before him
Lay up	يدخر	lay up treasures in heaven
Let down	يخجل	He let her down in front of her friends
Look at	ينظر إلي	Look at me
Look to	يهتم ب	He looked to the reward
Look into	يفحص	He looked into family matters
Look out	يحترس، يراقب	Look out , it's dangerous
Look for	يبحث عن	look for my pen , I can't find it
Look up	يفتش على، يجد	Loop up this word in the dictionary
Look off	يودع	I want to look him off before he leaves
Look about	ينظر حوله	Look about try to find something
Look after	يهتم ب	She looked after her father when he was sick
Pass away	يموت	They passed away in a bad accident
Put off (put out)	يطفئ	Put off the fire [Meena]
Send for	يرسل في طلب	We send for a doctor right after he had fainted
Speak up	يتكلم بصوت عالي	Speak up that we may hear
Take upon oneself	يأخذ على عاتقه	He takes upon himself to save her
Wait at	يخدم	She waits at that table (H.K.)
Wait for	ينتظر	I've been waiting for you for 2 hours
Wait on	يخدم	He waits on the Lord

ثم أفعال وكلمات مع أكثر من حرف جر (أو أكثر من أداة)       Phrasal verbs with two Particles

الاصطلاح	المعنى بالعربي	مثال في جملة
Come up with	يطلع ب(فكرة)	He came up with a good idea
Keep up with	يلاحق، يجاري	She couldn't keep up with him when he was running fast
Look down upon (on)	يحتقر، يتعالى علي	He looks down on some poor people
Cut down on	يقلل	She cut down on smoking

H.W. Write the Arabic meanings of any 6 of the previous sentences : 1) __________________________ 2) ___________________________ 3) __________________________ 4) ___________________________ 5) __________________________ 6) ___________________________

متنوعات هامة

1)   يمكن استخدام shall  بدل will  والعكس في حالات معينة هي :

---  We put shall instead of will when : (H.K.)

Promise وعد : You shall have the money very soon.ستأخذ النقود قريبا جدا   

Threat تهديد: If you do that again you shall be punishedاذا فعلت هذا ثانيا ستعاقب

Order (command) أمر، وصية :  You shall not steal   لا تسرق

Determination تحديد :  The enemy shall not pass. العدو لا يجب ان يمر

---  We put will instead of shall when :

Promise  :   We will send them a present.  سنرسل لهم هدية

Willingness تمني، مشيئة : I will pay at the rate you ask.سأدفع بالمعدل الذي تريده

---  Shall I?  (Shall we?)  ,  has often the meaning of "Would you like me to ..?"    ex:   Shall I open the window?

---  Will you?  ,  has often the meaning of "Would you like to .. ?"

ex :  Will you help me to carry this bag?

2)  استخدامات  do (does , did)  هي :

ا)    لعمل اسئلة questions    :                                         do you like it ?

ب)  للنفي     negative              :                              no, I do not like it

ج)  للتأكيد   for emphasis   :                                        yes, I do like it

د)   لتجنب التكرار  to avoid repetition    :          he likes it and so do I

ه)   كنوع من الأدب والذوق   for politeness   :                 please do come

ولشرح النقطة (ج) أكثر نأتي بثلاث أسئلة فيهم do , does , did والاجابة العادية عنهم ثم الاجابة التي فيها تأكيد : (H.K.)

السؤال	الاجابة العادية	الاجابة التي فيها تأكيد
Do you like it?	Yes, I like it	Yes, I do like it (Yes, I do. )
Does he like it?	Yes, he likes it (H.K.)	Yes, he does like it
Did they like it?	Yes, they liked it	Yes, they did like it